However, when rural black music began to be recorded in the 1920s, both categories of musicians used similar techniques: call-and-response patterns, blue notes, and slide guitars. Langston Huges drew on blues and jazz to create new poetic forms that expressed the reality and vitality of urban black life. The blues scale is often used in popular songs like Harold Arlen's "Blues in the Night", blues ballads like "Since I Fell for You" and "Please Send Me Someone to Love", and even in orchestral works such as George Gershwin's "Rhapsody in Blue" and "Concerto in F". The blues form is a cyclic musical form in which a repeating progression of chords mirrors the call and response scheme commonly found in African and African-American music. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century. In the early 1970s, the Texas rock-blues style emerged, which used guitars in both solo and rhythm roles. Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative. [73], The lively Memphis blues style, which developed in the 1920s and 1930s near Memphis, Tennessee, was influenced by jug bands such as the Memphis Jug Band or the Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers. Point out that the blues is a means of self-expression; as such, it naturally includes a wide variety John Lee Hooker blended his blues style with rock elements and playing with younger white musicians, creating a musical style that can be heard on the 1971 album Endless Boogie. Singers such as Blind Willie McTell and Blind Boy Fuller performed in the southeastern "delicate and lyrical" Piedmont blues tradition, which used an elaborate ragtime-based fingerpicking guitar technique. (2011). Kunzler's dictionary of jazz provides two separate entries: "blues", and the "blues form", a widespread musical form (p. 131). Eric Clapton, known for his performances with the Blues Breakers and Cream, made a comeback in the 1990s with his album Unplugged, in which he played some standard blues numbers on acoustic guitar. [132], This article is about the music genre. In this section you will learn how to build, play, practice, and solo with the minor blues scale in a jazz setting, as well as check out a sample solo to help you bring this scale from the page and onto the fretboard in your practice routine. [124][125], The blues' 12-bar structure and the blues scale was a major influence on rock and roll music. [92] The saxophonist J. T. Brown played in bands led by Elmore James and by J. -basic … Bluesmen such as Big Bill Broonzy and Willie Dixon started looking for new markets in Europe. The differences occur in the first two bars of each phrase.. The "Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé" provides this etymology of. The blues was highlighted in Season 2012, Episode 1 of "In Performance at The White House", entitled "Red, White and Blues". Dick Waterman and the blues festivals he organized in Europe played a major role in propagating blues music abroad. A well-known big band blues tune is Glenn Miller's "In the Mood". It’s hard to define a style as any one “thing” or to put anything into just one category. During the first decades of the 20th century blues music was not clearly defined in terms of a particular chord progression. [68] In the early twentieth century, W.C. All those 7th chords have unresolved tritones in them, a crucial ingredient in the blues feel. King and Howlin' Wolf before he moved to Chicago in 1960. That blue notes predate their use in blues and have an African origin is attested to by "A Negro Love Song", by the English composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, from his African Suite for Piano, written in 1898, which contains blue third and seventh notes. Boogie-woogie was another important style of 1930s and early 1940s urban blues. Many blues musicians based in Memphis moved to Chicago in the late 1930s or early 1940s and became part of the urban blues movement. The Billboard Blues Album chart provides an overview of current blues hits. Handy was the first to popularize blues-influenced music among non-black Americans. Is there an importance in classifying blues genres? His style of music was not exactly rockabilly but it has been often called real rock and roll (this is a label he shares with several African American rock and roll performers).[126][127]. What two forms are specific to the blues Poetic stanza consisting of 3 lines 12, 4 out of 4 people found this document helpful. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times. A lot of the 1970s-era "outlaw" country music by Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings also borrowed from the blues. The blues “feel” and the blues “tonality” is really everywhere. As well festivals such as the Newport Folk Festival[109] brought traditional blues to a new audience, which helped to revive interest in prewar acoustic blues and performers such as Son House, Mississippi John Hurt, Skip James, and Reverend Gary Davis. [111] Through these artists and others, blues music influenced the development of rock music. The term race record, initially used by the music industry for African-American music, was replaced by the term rhythm and blues. [52][53] Additionally, there are theories that the four-beats-per-measure structure of the blues might have its origins in the Native American tradition of pow wow drumming. "[81], Urban male performers included popular black musicians of the era, such as Tampa Red, Big Bill Broonzy and Leroy Carr. Before World War II, the boundaries between blues and jazz were less clear. 12.-The original use of the term “rhythm and blues” referred to? The use of the harmonic seventh interval is characteristic of blues and is popularly called the "blues seven". Blues performances were organized by the Theater Owners Bookers Association in nightclubs such as the Cotton Club and juke joints such as the bars along Beale Street in Memphis. All art forms have classic structures used as launching points for compositions. Early country music was infused with the blues. [21], Depending on the religious community a musician belonged to, it was more or less considered a sin to play this low-down music: blues was the devil's music. The last chord is the dominant (V) turnaround, marking the transition to the beginning of the next progression. Intro- one guitar chord and, listener into a mood fc instrumental chorus… c a a b phrase c is vocal. Although the audience was largely jolted by the performance, the performance influenced local musicians such as Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies to emulate this louder style, inspiring the British invasion of the Rolling Stones and the Yardbirds.[98]. The style of British blues developed in the UK, when bands such as the Animals, Fleetwood Mac, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, the Rolling Stones, the Yardbirds, the supergroup Cream and the Irish musician Rory Gallagher performed classic blues songs from the Delta or Chicago blues traditions. Blue notes (or "worried notes"), usually thirds, fifths or sevenths flattened in pitch are also an essential part of the sound. "Hound Dog", with its unmodified 12-bar structure (in both harmony and lyrics) and a melody centered on flatted third of the tonic (and flatted seventh of the subdominant), is a blues song transformed into a rock and roll song. When introducing the lyric form of the blues, be sure that students have an understanding of the importance that lyrics play in the music. It was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard: the AAB pattern, consisting of a line sung over the four first bars, its repetition over the next four, and then a longer concluding line over the last bars. Then we have two bars in the fourth degree and then we return to the first degree by making two … [5] As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, and it came to mean a state of agitation or depression. Blues guitarist and vocalist Keb' Mo' performed his blues rendition of "America, the Beautiful" in 2006 to close out the final season of the television series The West Wing. The blues scale is ubiquitous in modern popular music and informs many modal frames, especially the ladder of thirds used in rock music (for example, in "A Hard Day's Night"). The new migrants constituted a new market for the music industry. [See Film Tie-Ins for detailed film information.] The blues women thus effected changes in other types of popular singing that had spin-offs in jazz, Broadway musicals, torch songs of the 1930s and 1940s, gospel, rhythm and blues, and eventually rock and roll. This rapidly evolving market was mirrored by Billboard magazine's Rhythm and Blues chart. It uses saxophone or other brass instruments and the guitar in the rhythm section to create a jazzy, up-tempo sound with declamatory vocals. When musicians say “This song is a blues in C,” they mean that the song has a twelve-bar form using a particular combination of C7, F7 and G7 chords. Just count the bars we described above up there and check. Carr accompanied himself on the piano with Scrapper Blackwell on guitar, a format that continued well into the 1950s with artists such as Charles Brown and even Nat "King" Cole.[70]. Performers such as Frank Stokes, Sleepy John Estes, Robert Wilkins, Joe McCoy, Casey Bill Weldon and Memphis Minnie used a variety of unusual instruments such as washboard, fiddle, kazoo or mandolin. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres. [54], No specific African musical form can be identified as the single direct ancestor of the blues. [5] Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, when Hart Wand's "Dallas Blues" became the first copyrighted blues composition. Rockabillies were also said to be 12-bar blues played with a bluegrass beat. Rock and roll has been called “blues with a backbeat ”; Carl Perkins called rockabilly “blues with a country beat”. Several record companies, such as the American Record Corporation, Okeh Records, and Paramount Records, began to record African-American music. Fuse Blues music became very popular amidst the different forms that came up. In the 1950s, soul music by Sam Cooke, Ray Charles and James Brown used gospel and blues music elements. [57] The banjo seems to be directly imported from West African music. [78], In 1920 the vaudeville singer Lucille Hegamin became the second black woman to record blues when she recorded "The Jazz Me Blues",[79] and Victoria Spivey, sometimes called Queen Victoria or Za Zu Girl, had a recording career that began in 1926 and spanned forty years. [65], The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of Afro-American community, the spirituals. Usually jazz had harmonic structures stemming from brass bands, whereas blues had blues forms such as the 12-bar blues. "Gradually, instrumental and harmonic accompaniment were added, reflecting increasing cross-cultural contact." These recordings were typically labeled "race records" to distinguish them from records sold to white audiences. While popular musicians like Bo Diddley[89] and Chuck Berry,[95] both recording for Chess, were influenced by the Chicago blues, their enthusiastic playing styles departed from the melancholy aspects of blues. He composed and wrote many standard blues songs of the period, such as "Hoochie Coochie Man", "I Just Want to Make Love to You" (both penned for Muddy Waters) and, "Wang Dang Doodle" and "Back Door Man" for Howlin' Wolf. John Lee Hooker's popularity was revived with the album The Healer in 1989. Funk music of the 1970s was influenced by soul; funk can be seen as an antecedent of hip-hop and contemporary R&B. In the 1940s, the jump blues style developed. [83] Dallas-born T-Bone Walker, who is often associated with the California blues style,[84] performed a successful transition from the early urban blues à la Lonnie Johnson and Leroy Carr to the jump blues style and dominated the blues-jazz scene at Los Angeles during the 1940s. Boogie-Woogie style was characterized by a regular bass figure, an ostinato or riff and shifts of level in the left hand, elaborating each chord and trills and decorations in the right hand. This thesis investigates the essence of Blues as being born out of oppression and cultural and personal annihilation. [5] By the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. “soldier’s Joy” performed by Gid Tanner and His Skillet Likers. [108] Many compilations of classic prewar blues were republished by the Yazoo Records. In England, electric blues took root there during a much acclaimed Muddy Waters tour in 1958. A few of the Classic Blues musicians are Muddy Waters, Ma Rainey as well as Robert Johnson. [129] In the early 20th century, the blues was considered disreputable, especially as white audiences began listening to the blues during the 1920s. Smaller blues labels of this era included Vee-Jay Records and J.O.B. These observations coincide more or less with the recollections of Jelly Roll Morton, who said he first heard blues music in New Orleans in 1902; Ma Rainey, who remembered first hearing the blues in the same year in Missouri; and W.C. The blues’ 12-bar structure and the blues scale was a major influence on rock and roll music. [62], The musical forms and styles that are now considered the blues as well as modern country music arose in the same regions of the southern United States during the 19th century. [69] The slide guitar became an important part of the Delta blues. His first hit, "Boogie Chillen", reached number 1 on the R&B charts in 1949. 3. Chicago blues also influenced Louisiana's zydeco music,[96] with Clifton Chenier[97] using blues accents. [20] However, the Christian influence was far more obvious. Time to Play! The music of the civil rights movement[108] and Free Speech Movement in the U.S. prompted a resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music. Spiritual singing developed because African-American communities could gather for mass or worship gatherings, which were called camp meetings. Learning to play a 12-bar blues can open a world of music for your playing. The above chord sequence (chord progression) is typical for the blues and easy to memorise :The last 2 bars of each (4 bar-) phrase are all harmonised by the same I chord.. Welding, Peter; Brown, Toby, eds. There are also 16-bar blues, such as Ray Charles's instrumental "Sweet 16 Bars" and Herbie Hancock's "Watermelon Man". For example, playwrights write 3-act plays, poets write sonnets, painters paint still lifes, and dancers might dance a Cha-Cha. Here, the chords change much more quickly, which feels like the V and the IV are cascading back down to the I chord one final time before the form starts over again. [4] The phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the "intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal". The purpose of this music is __? The accompaniment of the singer in this excerpt is played in a. Garofalo, p. 44. Handy Awards[118] or of the Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary and Traditional Blues Album. [48] A form of this pre-blues was heard in slave ring shouts and field hollers, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content". B. This marketing strategy reinforced trends in urban blues music such as the use of electric instruments and amplification and the generalization of the blues beat, the blues shuffle, which became ubiquitous in rhythm and blues (R&B). Jump blues grew up from the boogie woogie wave and was strongly influenced by big band music. Dorsey helped to popularize Gospel music. Bebop classics, such as Charlie Parker's "Now's the Time", used the blues form with the pentatonic scale and blue notes. Several scholars characterize the development of blues music in the early 1900s as a move from group performance to individualized performance. Characteristic of the blues since its Afro-American origins, the shuffles played a central role in swing music. [11] Two of the first published blues songs, "Dallas Blues" (1912) and "Saint Louis Blues" (1914), were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. [76] The smooth Louisiana style of Professor Longhair and, more recently, Dr. John blends classic rhythm and blues with blues styles. In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. One blues rock performer, Jimi Hendrix, was a rarity in his field at the time: a black man who played psychedelic rock. Rockabillies were also said to be 12-bar blues played with a bluegrass beat. King, Bo Diddley, Erykah Badu, Eric Clapton, Steve Winwood, Charlie Musselwhite, Blues Traveler, Jimmie Vaughan, and Jeff Baxter. King performs a song in the AAB blues format. Morales attributed this claim to. Handy was a formally trained musician, composer and arranger who helped to popularize the blues by transcribing and orchestrating blues in an almost symphonic style, with bands and singers. Another development in this period was big band blues. Louisiana Blues: This sub-genre uses harmonica, a strong echo, and swampy guitar sounds. [25] With the popularity of early performers, such as Bessie Smith, use of the twelve-bar blues spread across the music industry during the 1920s and 30s. [9], The phrase "the blues" was written by Charlotte Forten, then aged 25, in her diary on December 14, 1862. Most artists of the Chicago blues style recorded for the Chicago-based Chess Records and Checker Records labels. The 12-bar blues form the basis of R&B (rhythm and blues), rock and roll and jazz music. [60], Blues music also adopted elements from the "Ethiopian airs", minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment. Lyrical themes that frequently appeared in prewar blues, such as economic depression, farming, devils, gambling, magic, floods and drought, were less common in postwar blues.[19]. 1998 brought a sequel, Blues Brothers 2000 that, while not holding as great a critical and financial success, featured a much larger number of blues artists, such as B.B. Yet, if one looks back further, Arnold also started out singing bluesy songs like 'I'll Hold You in My Heart'. The basic 12-bar lyric framework of a blues composition is reflected by a standard harmonic progression of 12 bars in a 4/4 time signature. ", "The Evolution of the 12-Bar Blues Progression", "A Jazz Improvisation Almanac, Outside Shore Music Online School". Garofalo cited Barlow in "Handy's sudden success demonstrated [the] commercial potential of [the blues], which in turn made the genre attractive to the Tin Pan Alley hacks, who wasted little time in turning out a deluge of imitations." Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon and Jimmy Reed were all born in Mississippi and moved to Chicago during the Great Migration. When this riff was played over the bass and the drums, the groove "feel" was created. During this period, Freddie King and Albert King often played with rock and soul musicians (Eric Clapton and Booker T & the MGs) and had a major influence on those styles of music. The blues form, ubiquitous in jazz, rhythm and blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. The origins of the blues are also closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community, the spirituals. Slavery in the colonial history of the United States, Historically black colleges and universities, Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, National Black Caucus of State Legislators, Race and ethnicity in the United States Census, resurgence of interest in American roots music and early African American music, "BBC – GCSE Bitesize: Origins of the blues", Devi, Debra (2013). Garofalo cited other authors who also mention the "Ethiopian airs" and "Negro spirituals". As a musical style, the blues is characterized by expressive “ microtonal ” pitch inflections (blue notes), a three-line textual stanza of the form AAB, and a 12-measure form. [99] The "West Side sound" had strong rhythmic support from a rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums and as perfected by Guy, Freddie King, Magic Slim and Luther Allison was dominated by amplified electric lead guitar. 9.-which basic characteristics should a good listener should be able to recognize and describe? This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 3 pages. Many elements, such as the call-and-response format and the use of blue notes, can be traced back to the music of Africa. A lot of them developed in a particular region with their own unique characteristics. A typical starting point for studying the blues is the 12-bar format. 44–47: "As marketing categories, designations like race and, Garofalo, p. 27. [120] Prominent jazz, folk or rock performers, such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Miles Davis, and Bob Dylan have performed significant blues recordings. [105] Blues performers explored a range of musical genres, as can be seen, for example, from the broad array of nominees of the yearly Blues Music Awards, previously named W.C. Major artists of the Texas style are Johnny Winter, Stevie Ray Vaughan, the Fabulous Thunderbirds (led by harmonica player and singer-songwriter Kim Wilson), and ZZ Top. Soldier joy be perceived. Inform students that this format, known as the AAB blues format, is typical of many blues songs. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. B. During the blues revival of the 1960s and '70s, acoustic blues artist Taj Mahal and legendary Texas bluesman Lightnin' Hopkins wrote and performed music that figured prominently in the popularly and critically acclaimed film Sounder (1972). The first publication of blues sheet music may have been "I Got the Blues", published by New Orleans musician Antonio Maggio in 1908 and described as "the earliest published composition known to link the condition of having the blues to the musical form that would become popularly known as 'the blues.'" Waters, unsuspecting of his audience's tendency towards skiffle, an acoustic, softer brand of blues, turned up his amp and started to play his Chicago brand of electric blues. [61] The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved "the original melodic patterns of African music". It is fairly easy to finger on the guitar, fun to solo with and a great way to begin playing in a jazz guitar setting. Spirituals or religious chants in the African-American community are much better documented than the "low-down" blues. [63][64], Though musicologists can now attempt to define the blues narrowly in terms of certain chord structures and lyric forms thought to have originated in West Africa, audiences originally heard the music in a far more general way: it was simply the music of the rural south, notably the Mississippi Delta. Levine stated that "psychologically, socially, and economically, African-Americans were being acculturated in a way that would have been impossible during slavery, and it is hardly surprising that their secular music reflected this as much as their religious music did. The minor blues scale is one of the most versatile scales that you can use in your guitar solos. [18] Tampa Red's classic "Tight Like That" (1928) is a sly wordplay with the double meaning of being "tight" with someone coupled with a more salacious physical familiarity. The writer Ed Morales claimed that Yoruba mythology played a part in early blues, citing Robert Johnson's "Cross Road Blues" as a "thinly veiled reference to Eleggua, the orisha in charge of the crossroads". The evolution of the Blues formed many different styles often named by the area where it was created, like Delta Blues, Chicago Blues or Texas Blues. King, Buddy Guy, Gary Clark Jr., Jeff Beck, Derek Trucks, Keb Mo, and others. Hart Wand's "Dallas Blues" was published in 1912; W.C. [82] Chicago boogie-woogie performers included Clarence "Pine Top" Smith and Earl Hines, who "linked the propulsive left-hand rhythms of the ragtime pianists with melodic figures similar to those of Armstrong's trumpet in the right hand". The little-recorded Robert Johnson[71] combined elements of urban and rural blues. The two main barre chord forms used in blues are the E and A form (or shape). Chicago Blues: The electric version of the Delta Blues. The lyrical content became slightly simpler in postwar blues, which tended to focus on relationship woes or sexual worries. Boogie-woogie was pioneered by the Chicago-based Jimmy Yancey and the Boogie-Woogie Trio (Albert Ammons, Pete Johnson and Meade Lux Lewis). ; Godrich, John (1970). The most common movable form is the barre chord, which I'm sure you're familar with. 4. The film earned Mahal a Grammy nomination for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture and a BAFTA nomination. [12] The lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody. Blues performers such as John Lee Hooker and Muddy Waters continued to perform to enthusiastic audiences, inspiring new artists steeped in traditional blues, such as New York–born Taj Mahal. [80] These blueswomen's contributions to the genre included "increased improvisation on melodic lines, unusual phrasing which altered the emphasis and impact of the lyrics, and vocal dramatics using shouts, groans, moans, and wails. A typical 12-bar blues set of chords might go like this (each cell represents a bar) with the It may be sending you baby, but it's worrying the hell out of me. [105], By the beginning of the 1960s, genres influenced by African American music such as rock and roll and soul were part of mainstream popular music. However, the blues wave that brought artists such as Muddy Waters to the foreground had stopped. [26] Other chord progressions, such as 8-bar forms, are still considered blues; examples include "How Long Blues", "Trouble in Mind", and Big Bill Broonzy's "Key to the Highway". Black and white musicians shared the same repertoire and thought of themselves as "songsters" rather than blues musicians. 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