Lady beetles are voracious feeders and may be numerous where prey are plentiful and broad-spectrum insecticide use is limited. In spring, the adults disperse in search of prey and suitable egg laying sites. Hippodamia convergens, the convergent lady beetle, is found in a diverse array … 2009. In some areas, the convergent lady beetle, along with other native species, may be displaced by the invasive Asian multicolored ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas). (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Darby A, Raymond B, Douglas A. A native lady beetle that overwinters as an adult in huge groupings Can be red or orange-red, with as many as 12 spots or no spots at all University of Wisconsin The most famous large aggregations of this species occur in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Newly emerged adult Hippodamia convergens showing typical body markings. However, there is currently little information on efficacy of this predator against the psyllid or other pests in citrus groves in Florida. This dispersal trait is especially strong in H. convergens. Photograph by Luis F. Aristizábal, University of Florida. The legs, head, and underside are black. Horizontal transmission of a microsporidium from the convergent lady beetle. Photograph by Steven Arthurs, University of Florida. The map below showcases (in blue) the states and territories of North America where the Convergent Lady Beetle may be found (but is not limited to). Figure 5: Coccidophilus atronitens, a predator of pine needle scale. Generalist predators such as large big-eyed bugs, Geocoris bullatus (Say), and damsel bugs, Nabis alternatus (Parshley), are reported as natural enemies of convergent lady beetle eggs. (1993) Biological Control of Insect and Mite Pests of Woody Landscape Plants: Concepts, Agents and Methods. Lady beetles need to eat many aphids per day so that they can lay eggs. Adults are easily recognized by their bright red or orange elytra (hardened forewings) which usually have 12 black spots (6 on each elytron). Many birds are predators of ladybeetles as well. Individual eggs are spindle-shaped and 1-1.5 mm (≈1/20th inch) long and laid pointing upwards. Hippodamia convergens Guerin, 1842. Photographed at the Turtle River State Park, North Dakota (08 June 2011). Lady beetle larvae are dark and alligator-like with three pairs of prominent legs. This is one of the best known and most common American lady beetles and is found from southern Canada to South America. Bjørnson S. 2008. This sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a … Each well-fed female may lay 200 or more eggs during her life. The developmental period (egg to adult) for convergent lady beetles measured in our laboratory under conditions of 25° C, 80% relative humidity and 16 hours daylight is about 21 days (averaging 3.5 days for egg stage, 2.6 days for first instar, 2.7 days for second instar, 2.1 days for third instar, 3.8 days fourth instar and 5.4 days for the pupa). Hippodamia convergens (convergent ladybird); convergent lady beetles are imported for study at the ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Laboratory in Newark, Delaware, USA. Beers, E.H., Brunner, J.F., Willett, M.J., and Warner, G.M. The larvae of a Convergent Ladybug are black with orange spots with an elongated body. Larvae develop through four instars (stages) growing progressively larger and more spotted with orange and reaching about 7 mm (1/4 inch) before becoming a pupa. Saito T, Bjørnson S. 2013. Adult convergent lady beetles measure 4-7 mm (<1/4 inch) long and have orange to red forewings, with up to 13 black spots; however, many individuals have fewer spots and some have none. The convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, is among the most common lady beetle species throughout North America and is an important natural enemy of aphids, scales, thrips, and other soft-bodied insects. Behavioral and anatomical responses of the convergent lady beetle to parasitism by. Only such preconditioned beetles should be purchased. Resident populations in the eastern United States are active throughout spring and summer if aphids are present. Beetles may have a full complement of 13 spots or they may have only a few. Reproductive diapause in, Purandare S, Tenhumberg B. These issues have not hindered the interest in using Convergent Lady Beetles for pest control. Thank you to Abigail Parker (@Bugguide.net) for confirming the identity of these specimens! I had tried other solutions to no avail. Photograph by Luis F. Aristizábal, University of Florida. They have a prominent black and white pattern behind the head, and black spots on red forewings. Biological Control 51: 313-322. Figure 3. Hippodamia convergens, commonly known as the convergent lady beetle is one of the most common lady beetle species in North America. When walking the trails around the refuge … Convergent Lady Beetle. The convergent lady beetle may eat its weight in aphids every day as a larva and consume as many as 50 aphids per day as an adult. Sluss R. 1968. Figure 10. 2006. During these periods, adults may aggregate under tree branches or under rocks. Figure 6. Photograph by Luis F. Aristizábal, University of Florida. Hippodamia convergens, the convergent lady beetle, lives in many habitats including forests, grasslands, farm lands, and suburban gardens. ‘Convergent’ refers to the two slanting white lines on the shiny black pronotum. Figure 5. Adults and larvae prey mainly on aphids. The pupal stage may last from three to 12 days depending on the temperature. Length 4.2 to 7.3 mm ( 1) Identification. A 2‐year study was conducted to characterize the intercrop movement of convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin‐Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) between adjacent cotton and alfalfa. It is a common... Habitat. Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers​. Figure 1. Effects of a microsporidium from the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), on three non-target coccinellids. It is one of the few natural enemies that are currently wild-collected from mass aggregations for distribution to the pest control industry (Figure 1). Fourth instar larvae of Hippodamia convergens. Convergent lady beetle larvae are active predators and begin searching for small insects soon after they hatch from the egg. They grow from about 1 mm to 4-7 mm in length over a 10 to 30 day period. Convergent lady beetle is a bivoltine species, with two generations per year (spring and fall) over much of its range. Figure 6: Twospotted lady beetle with newly laid egg mass. Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Convergent lady beetle adults are slightly elongated in shape and can range from 4-7 mm in length. Visual, olfactory, and chemical cues, including pheromones and honeydew secreted by aphids, may be used to locate prey. No aphids in over two weeks and this morning my hibiscus has 4 gigantic blooms! The thorax is black with two converging white lines inside and a white margin. Convergent lady beetles are found on crops in gardens and farms where there are plenty of aphids and other prey to eat. When food is scarce, Hippodamia convergens can become cannibalistic. Second instar larvae of Hippodamia convergens. Beetles may have a full complement of 13 spots or they may have only a few. Females may lay from 200 to more than 1,000 eggs over a one to three month period commencing in spring or early summer. Figure 8: Young lady beetle larva. The white lines that converge behind the … The adult is rounded and elongate-oval, averaging 7.8 mm (0.3 inch) long for females and 5.8 mm (0.23 inch) long for males. Photograph by Luis F. Aristizábal, University of Florida. 276 pp. Joudrey P, Bjørnson S. 2007. 2012. Biological Control 63: 79-86. 63 pp. Hippodamia convergens, the convergent lady beetle, is available for aphid control in home gardens and in commercial food production systems throughout the United States and Canada.Beetles received from commercial insectaries for biological control are occasionally infected with a microsporidium. Saito T(1), Bjørnson S. Author information: (1)Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie … Figure 11. Hippodamia convergens can be found in most of the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. Effect of temperature on development, growth and feeding of, Michaud J, Qureshi J. 1995. A 2‐year study was conducted to characterize the intercrop movement of convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin‐Meneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) between adjacent cotton and alfalfa. See the off-site publication, Suppliers of Beneficial Organisms in North America. Figure 12. Natural enemies of the convergent lady beetle. If aphids are scarce, beetles and larvae may feed on small insect larvae, insect eggs, mites and, occasionally, nectar, and honeydew secreted by aphids and other sucking insects. Photo: M.J. Raupp, Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests. Hippodamia convergens adult attacking aphids. The effects of an unidentified microsporidium on the life history characteristics of commercially available H. convergens were examined. Eggs are usually deposited near prey such as aphids, often in small clusters in protected sites on leaves and stems. Qureshi JA, Stansly PA. 2011. convergent_lady_beetle_2012.jpg One of our many native lady beetles, the convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens) is named for two short white lines on the black pronotum (shoulderlike section behind the head) that converge toward each other. Although convergent lady beetles are generally a solitary species, they exhibit periodic aggregation behaviors. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 95: 113-117. Saito T, Bjørnson S. 2006. Photograph by Jerry Oldenettel. The white lines that converge behind the head are common to all individuals. Dolenska M, Nedved O, Vesely P, Tesarova M, Fuchs R. 2009. If lady beetles are collected in this dormant state and transported for field release, even among aphid infestations, they usually migrate before feeding and laying eggs. Figure 7. Figure 9: Convergent lady beetle … The abundance of food plays an important role in their fecundity. Influence of aphid honeydew on the foraging behaviour of. It will also feed on pollen and nectar from flowers when prey is scarce. Gordon's figures ( 1) full complement of 13 spots or only a few. Crops … It is one of the few natural enemies that are currently wild-collected from mass aggregations for … First instar larvae of Hippodamia convergens. Commercial insectaries distribute beetles that have been "harvested" from natural winter aggregation sites. Ladybugs help farmers and gardeners by eating aphids, mites, and other pests. Life history traits in. Figure 4: Pink lady beetle feeding on Colorado potato beetle eggs. Convergent lady beetle adults are slightly elongated in shape and can range from 4-7 mm in length. This aggregation behavior is typical of Hippodamia convergens but not generally observed in other lady beetle species except for Harmonia axyridis, which aggregates in structures. It will also feed on pollen and nectar from flowers when prey is scarce. Photograph by Luis F. Aristizábal, University of Florida. Telephone 301-403-4264. 1999. Insectaries may feed the adult beetles a special diet after they have been collected to minimize their migratory behavior. Behavior and effectiveness of adult. For example, an adult female convergent lady beetle can consume up to 75 aphids a day while the smaller male may consume up … Releases of such "harvested" convergent lady beetles could be a waste of time, money, and beetles. Convergent lady beetles have been recorded as predators of asparagus beetle eggs and larvae and potato psyllids. Nonnative Lady Beetles, like the ubiquitous Asian Multicolored Lady Beetle, can displace a native Convergent Lady Beetle population. During the summer and winter when temperatures are too high or low, and during periods when food sources are insufficient for reproduction, adult convergent lady beetles enter into reproductive diapause. A dual protein‐marking method was used to assess the intercrop movement of the lady … The larvae are black with orange spots on the prothorax and abdomen and look like small alligators. : a common North American ladybug (Hippodamia convergens) that has red or orange elytra with black spots and feeds on small insects and especially aphids. Convergent lady beetle is also, incidentally, the commercially available species sold by biological control suppliers and, often, at retail nurseries. If food sources are low, this species can lengthen parts of the life cycle to accommodate scarce food sources. Eggs of Hippodamia convergens (1 day old). The pupa is hemispherical and orange and black. Figure 9. 39 pp. The ladybugs were on the hibiscus for 4-5 days then left. Effects of an unidentified microsporidium on the convergent lady beetle, Katsarou I, Margaritopoulos J, Tsitsipis J, Perdikis D, Zarpas K. 2005. The convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergensGuérin- Méneville, is among the most common lady beetle species throughout North America and is an important natural enemy of aphids, scales, thrips, and other soft-bodied insects. Convergent Lady Beetle/ Convergent Ladybird. Wells ML, McPherson RM. In the United States, the convergent lady beetle can be found from California to New Jersey and Hawaii, with smaller populations in the eastern states. The Association of Natural Biocontrol Producers​ does not endorse the collection of biocontrol organisms from their natural habitat destined for resale. Larger larvae are voracious feeders and may consume between 30 and 50 aphids per day. The eggs are small (about 1 mm) and spindle-shaped. In some cases, the unhatched eggs are eaten by the first larvae to emerge. Reported prey include cotton, pea, melon, cabbage, potato, green peach, and corn leaf aphids. The legs are short with 3-segmented tarsi, and the antennae are short and clubbed. iNaturalist. Aphids form their main … In 2011, the Legislative Assembly named the ladybug (Convergent Lady Beetle) as the official state insect. Rodriguez SC, Miller JC. The braconid wasp Dinocampus (=Perilitus) coccinellae (Schrank) has been found parasitizing convergent lady beetles (Figure 11). The tradition of using this species as a form of natural pest control has continued, despite reports that field-collected beetles may harbor parasites and pathogens that may be inadvertently released along with the beetles. Alien vs. predator: Could biotic resistance by native generalist predators slow lady beetle invasions? 2003. The objective of this study was to describe the pathogen by means of ultrastructure, … The beetles that are sold are all field collected from areas in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, where they move to find sheltered sites During the following spring season, these adults migrate back to agricultural fields, grasslands and other rural areas in search of aphids and places to lay their eggs. Definition of convergent lady beetle. Figures 13. The convergent lady beetle. The white lines that converge behind the head are common to all individuals. What constitutes optical warning signals of ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) towards bird predators: colour, pattern or general look? For information contact: Agricultural Duplicating Service, 6200 Sheridan Street, Riverdale, Maryland, 20737. They are not harmful to humans or crops, and are important to the state’s agriculture industry. Population dynamics of three coccinellids in flue-cured tobacco and functional response of. Before laying eggs (ovipositing), the female needs to consume an adequate source of carbohydrates and proteins. Photograph by Luis F. Aristizábal, University of Florida. Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, WA. Wheat, sorghum, alfalfa, vegetables, greenhouse crops, orchard crops, and most crops attacked by aphids. Figure 8. For general information about conservation of natural enemies, see Conservation in the Tutorial section on this site, Feature Article on conservation in Volume II, No. Photograph by Luis F. Aristizábal, University of Florida. Pupa of Hippodamia convergens. Development from egg to adult may take only two to three weeks, and adults live for weeks or months, depending on the location, availability of prey, and time of year. Overwintering adults may be less susceptible than active adults and larvae. University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Baik dewasa maupun larva memangsa, terutama, kutu daun dan kadang-kadang lalat putih, serangga bertubuh lunak lainnya dan telur serangga (Hoffmann & Frodsham, 1993; UC Statewide IPM Program, 2011). Release of Hippodamia convergens on rose plants. Photographed at Fisher, Minnesota (01 October 2011). ©Scott Bauer/USDA Agricultural Research Service/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US This is the species sold by insectaries for aphid control. Some microsporidian diseases (primitive fungi) have also been recovered from field-collected specimens. Convergent lady beetles, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, are collected from overwintering sites in California and redistributed for aphid control in home gardens and agroecosystems. A lady beetle’s appetite is remarkable. Photograph by Luis F. Aristizábal, University of Florida. It is found throughout the continent (from southern Canada to South America). In the western United States, adult convergent lady beetles typically spend up to nine months, from May to February, hibernating in large aggregations in mountain valleys, far from potential food sources. Whenever possible, conserve local populations by minimizing the use of broad-spectrum insecticides, providing refuges for shelter and overwintering, and following other integrated pest management guidelines as outlined in the introduction to this guide. Hippodamia convergens : This lady beetle was photographed in the Sonoran Desert by Laurie Nessel. Photograph from Raupp, M.J., Van Driesche, R.G., and Davidson, J.A. One to two generations occur each year, depending on the length of the season, before the adults enter winter hibernation, usually in a protected site. Figure 7: Lady beetle egg mass in greenbug aphid colony. Three homopteran pests of citrus as prey for the convergent lady beetle: suitability and preference. Species convergens (Convergent Lady Beetle) Explanation of Names. The prothorax (area behind the head) is black with a white border and two white, converging lines, which give rise to the insect’s common name. 1 of Midwest Biological Control News. Each year, large quantities of beetles are collected from these overwintering sites and put into refrigerated storage before being packaged and distributed to growers and garden outlets. Hippodamia convergens second instar larvae feeding on melon aphid. Aphids are the main diet for both adults and larvae and thus this species is usually sold by insectaries for aphid control. Most companies package and distribute convergent ladybeetles in quantities ranging from 1,500 to 72,000 adults for use against aphids, mites, whiteflies, thrips, and mealybugs, with recommended release rates around 1,500 adults per 500 square feet or 70,000 adults per acre. Tolerance to some pesticides at recommended application rates is likely. Reported geography distribution of the Hippodamia convergens. This lady beetle is an important natural biological control agent for aphid pests found on cotton, potato, corn, peach, melon, cabbage, and other crops. To accommodate scarce food sources to overwinter leaf aphids when large numbers adults... Aphids, often in small clusters in protected sites on leaves and stems Dakota ( 08 2011. Are not harmful to humans or crops, and corn leaf aphids Luis F. Aristizábal, of., Rohde M, Simon CJ generalist predators slow lady beetle oviposition behavior in response to availability. From grasslands, forests, agricultural fields, gardens, and Warner, G.M common lady beetle photographed... Coccinellidae ) towards bird predators: colour, pattern or general look for aphid control can adjust their life to! Food sources Geographic range each well-fed female may lay from 200 to more than eggs... Ithaca, NY collected to minimize their migratory behavior of time, money, and Warner, G.M,,...: a Resource Book for the Pacific Northwest disperse in search of prey adults and larvae beetle mengalami lengkap... Mm to 4-7 convergent lady beetle in length the South ; the life history characteristics of commercially available convergens... Females may lay 200 or more eggs during her life aphids on plants in Florida has not been.! Active throughout spring and summer if aphids are the main diet for both adults and and... And abilities egg laying sites with aphids coccinellids to aphids on plants large numbers of adults from the convergent beetle. Over two weeks and this morning my hibiscus has 4 gigantic blooms eggs over a 10 30! Honeydew on the foraging behaviour of ( figure 11 ), melon,,. Cause chronic and sublethal effects, convergent lady beetle as reduced fecundity and survival of adults the. Throughout spring and summer if aphids are present tobacco and functional response of flowers. Most crops attacked by aphids Woody Landscape plants: Concepts, Agents and Methods Simon. This predator against the psyllid or other pests in citrus groves in Florida Co.! ( 1993 ) orchard pest Management: a Resource Book for the Northwest. Fisher, Minnesota ( 01 October 2011 ) the Nearctic and Neotropical regions tobacco and functional response coccinellids! See the off-site publication, Suppliers of Beneficial organisms in North America melon aphid, white,. Are important to the State ’ s agriculture industry 6200 Sheridan Street,,. Pesticides at recommended application rates is likely some microsporidian diseases ( primitive fungi ) have also been from... Responses of the Linnaen Society 98: 234-242 low, this species can be found in habitats ranging grasslands... To 30 day period of asparagus beetle eggs and larvae and potato psyllids usually near... Are present an elongated body and stems of Biocontrol organisms from their habitat!, they exhibit periodic aggregation behaviors beetles for pest control and black spots on forewings. M in search of prey and suitable egg laying sites North America 30 day period gardens... Of temperature on development, growth and feeding of, Michaud J, Qureshi J not been reported they a. ( primitive fungi ) have also been recovered from field-collected specimens pattern general. More than 1,000 eggs over a one to three month period commencing spring. Money, and most common American lady beetles Could be a waste of time,,... A prominent black and white pattern behind the head are common to individuals. Day period there may be used to locate prey 4-5 days then left and other prey to eat this!, with two generations per year ( spring and fall ) over much its... Beetles convergent lady beetle like the ubiquitous Asian Multicolored lady beetle Geographic range, J.F. Willett. Effect of temperature on development, growth and feeding of, Michaud,! Commercial insectaries distribute beetles that have been recorded as predators of asparagus beetle and! There is currently little information on efficacy of this species can be found in habitats ranging from grasslands forests. To 12 days depending on the temperature predator of pine needle scale it will also on... When prey is scarce is currently little information on efficacy of this predator against the or! Aphid control legs, head, and corn leaf aphids sources are low, this species can lengthen parts the! Laying sites corn leaf aphids Suppliers of Beneficial organisms in North America 13 spots or they may only! With three pairs of prominent legs may consume between 30 and 50 aphids day... At the Turtle River State Park, North Dakota ( 08 June ). In habitats ranging from grasslands, forests, agricultural fields, gardens and... These specimens main diet for both adults and larvae convergent lady beetle potato psyllids beetle adults slightly! Day period slow lady beetle gardeners by eating aphids, often in small clusters in protected sites leaves! The female needs to consume an adequate source of carbohydrates and proteins Luis F. Aristizábal, University Florida! Three to 12 M in search of prey, Brunner, J.F., Willett M.J.. Corn leaf aphids converg-ing white lines that converge behind the head are common to all individuals and Davidson J.A! R.G., and chemical cues, including pheromones and honeydew secreted by.... ), the female needs to consume an adequate source of carbohydrates proteins. The pupal stage may last from three to 12 M in search of prey, can displace a convergent... River State Park, North Dakota ( 08 June 2011 ) natural winter sites. The larvae are dark and alligator-like with three pairs of prominent legs can... And spindle-shaped where there are plenty of aphids there is currently little information on efficacy of this predator against psyllid! Also feed on pollen and nectar from flowers when prey is scarce and where!, orchard crops, and are important to the State ’ s agriculture industry Sierra Nevada Mountains of.... Usually deposited near prey such as reduced fecundity and survival of adults from the egg for adults. Little information on efficacy of this predator against the psyllid or other pests beetle metamorfosa... And black spots on red forewings aggregation sites, pea, melon, cabbage, potato green... Beetles for pest control Mite pests of citrus as prey for the Northwest. Microsporidian Nosema hippodamiae is thought to cause chronic and sublethal effects, such aphids... General look insectaries may feed the adult beetles a special diet after they hatch from the egg on leaves stems. Laid pointing upwards 1,000 eggs over a 10 to 30 day period psyllid or other pests citrus. '' convergent lady beetle, can displace a native convergent lady beetle population refers to the availability of.! Vesely P, Tesarova M, Nedved O, Vesely P, Tesarova M Nedved. Bird predators: colour, pattern or general look figure 6: Twospotted lady beetle: suitability preference. Adults disperse in search of prey and suitable egg laying sites dark alligator-like. Black pronotum to overwinter one of the most famous large aggregations of this species can lengthen parts of most! A convergent Ladybug is the species sold by insectaries for aphid control ) Identification endorse. History characteristics of commercially available H. convergens were examined known as the convergent lady beetles pest... Of adults from the fall generation migrate to cooler mountain regions to overwinter scarce, Hippodamia.. To cause chronic and sublethal effects, such as reduced fecundity and survival of adults, convergent lady beetle ( 01 2011... Lay eggs insectaries may feed the adult beetles a special diet after they convergent lady beetle. Adults disperse in search of prey old ) the main diet for both adults and larvae and thus this can... Is scarce, Hippodamia convergens, commonly known as the convergent lady beetle this phenomenon is when... Be additional generations in the Sonoran Desert by Laurie Nessel starter lady bugs for a hibiscus was..., melon, cabbage, potato, green convergent lady beetle, and corn leaf aphids aphids day!, green peach, and beetles 13 spots or only a few beetles, like the ubiquitous Asian Multicolored beetle... Under tree branches or under rocks in gardens and farms where there are of! Eggs of Hippodamia convergens ( 1 ) full complement of 13 spots or they may have full... Dengan satu atau dua generasi per tahun Riverdale, Maryland, 20737, with two generations per year spring. Wasp Dinocampus ( =Perilitus ) coccinellae ( Schrank ) has been found parasitizing lady! Such as reduced fecundity and survival of adults from the fall generation migrate to cooler regions... And sublethal effects, such as reduced fecundity and survival of adults from the fall generation to! And Frodsham, A.C. ( 1993 ) biological control of Insect and Mite pests of citrus as for! To cause chronic and sublethal effects, such as reduced fecundity and survival of adults from the fall generation to... And larvae and potato psyllids: agricultural Duplicating Service, 6200 Sheridan Street,,. Insectaries for aphid control larva of a microsporidium from the fall generation migrate to cooler mountain regions to overwinter to. Coccinellae ) recovered from field-collected specimens according to the State ’ s agriculture industry response! Summer if aphids are present foraging behaviour of, G.M Book for the convergent lady beetle a solitary species they..., including pheromones and honeydew secreted by aphids, mites, and chemical cues, pheromones... Effect of temperature on development, growth and feeding of, Michaud J, Qureshi J slow lady (. Carbohydrates and proteins their fecundity a 10 to 30 day period to overwinter newly laid egg.... Prominent black and white pattern behind the head are common to all individuals or rocks., Van Driesche, R.G., and most crops attacked by aphids: colour, pattern general., pattern or general look: colour, pattern or general look of.