Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus A striking sarcophagus in the museum. The Last Supper. Christianity has a similar emphasis on the afterlife. ), Henig, Martin. This marble Sarcophagus was used for the burial of Junius Bassus, who died in 359. The birth of Christian symbolism in art The juxtaposition of the Christ in Majesty and the Entry into Jerusalem suggests that the planner of the sarcophagus had an intentional program in mind. Both Constantine and Bassus made the decision to convert to Christianity, though neither made the decision before reaching their deathbeds. This moment, called the Eucharist in Christian and Catholic circles, is a primary facet of Christian worship. The Sarcophagus was once located in Old St. Peter's Basilica. At the moment when Abraham is about to carry out the sacrifice his hand is stayed by an angel. Bacchus was often associated with death; the transformative qualities of his character usually referred to one's mental state (due to alcohol) and one's physical state (as Bacchus himself is a twice-born god)… The Rocks, Stained Red with Blood: A Son of Hercules Slew Giants at Salcombe, Devon? The Last of the Siberian Unicorns: What Happened to the Beasts of Legend? Scholars believe associating the old with the new allowed for an easier transition to the new religion. On the sarcophagus Pilate is shown seated also on a sella curulis. The Copper Age: When Metallurgy Came to Rule the World. Peter and Paul as the principal apostles of Christ are again given prominence. Mathews, Thomas. Attracting converts in the urban populations, Christianity appealed to the faithful’s desires for personal salvation; however, due to Christianity’s monotheism (which prohibited its followers from participating in the public cults), Christians suffered periodic episodes of persecution. By the middle of the fourth century Christianity had undergone a dramatic transformation. The sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, a coffin made of marble, is one of the earliest surviving high-status examples depicting Early Christian iconography. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, from Rome, Italy, c. 359. The Traditio Legis and the Entry into Jerusalem. The sarcophagus of Junius Bassus once spoke volumes to its audience. He died on August 25, 359, while holding the office of prefect of the city of Rome, a fact noted on the inscription of his sarcophagus and by the fourth-century historian Ammianus Marcellinus. Recently, two unidentified men, conducting an illegal excavation, stumbled upon an invaluable piece of history in western Turkey. Because he was in public office, and most of Rome still practiced pagan beliefs, Junius was not baptized only when he was on his deathbed. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 359 CE, (Vatican, Grottoes of St. Peter). Dent & Sons Ltd., 1905). ( Public Domain ). This also indicates the importance of a sarcophagus as an early medium for Christian depictions: what eventually gave Christianity sway over the pagan religions was the promise—the guarantee—of life after death. $364,000 Roman Sarcophagus Was a Garden Ornament, Builders Uncovered Unique Sarcophagus in Israel… and Hid It, Ancient Roman Sarcophagus of Great Archaeological Value Discovered in Central London, Sarcophagus of Egyptian High Priest Unearthed with Hieroglyphic Inscriptions and Scenes of Offerings, Skeleton found inside Limestone Sarcophagus in Amphipolis Tomb. It belonged to Junius Bassus an urban praetor in the age of Constantine II. We’re the only Pop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. Figure 3. 1. Junius Bassus as a senior magistrate would also be entitled to sit on a sella curulis. By the middle of the fourth century Christianity had undergone a dramatic transformation. For the purposes of this article, attention must be drawn to the depiction on the sarcophagus of Jesus riding a donkey. The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is a marble Early Christian sarcophagus used for the burial of Junius Bassus, who died in 359. The Arrest of Christ. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 359 CE, (Vatican, Grottoes of St. Peter) The sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is decorated with sculptural relief showing Christ as a Roman emperor standing on the head of the Pagan god of the heavens, to identify Christ as the ruler of the cosmos. The sarcophagus of Junius Bassus once spoke volumes to its audience. Throughout Christian art the popularity of Abraham’s Sacrifice of Isaac is explained by its typological reference to the Crucifixion of Christ. The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is a marble Early Christian sarcophagus used for the burial of Junius Bassus, who past away in 359. Junius Bassus held the position of praefectus urbi for Rome. This marble Sarcophagus was used for the burial of Junius Bassus (317-359), a member of the senatorial aristocracy in Rome. This sarcophagus belonged to Junius Bassus, a city prefect of Rome who became a Christian and was baptized before his death in 359. The sarcophagus has ten scenes in two registers. Dec 16, 2015 - Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus - Jesus entering Jerusalem / Italy / Early Christian art She is also a graduate of Celtic and Viking... Read More. At Ancient Origins, we believe that one of the most important fields of knowledge we can pursue as human beings is our beginnings. On Bassus' sarcophagus, one of the first definitive instances of this transition can be seen in the art world. 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Attracting converts in the urban populations, Christianity appealed to the faithful’s desires for personal salvation; however, due to Christianity’s monotheism (which prohibited its followers from participating in the public cults), Christians suffered periodi… While not showing directly the Crucifixion of Christ, the inclusion of the Judgment of Pilate in two compartments on the right hand side of the upper register is an early appearance in Christian art of a scene drawn from Christ’s Passion. The art of the period is marked by a number of competing styles. The artists seem to be making this point by the visual pairing of the scene of St. Peter being led to his matyrdom and the figure of Christ before Pilate. The popularity of the formula of the traditio legis (shown in figure 2) in Christian art in the fourth century was due to the importance of establishing orthodox Christian doctrine. Again the artists have taken conventions from Greek and Roman art and converted it into a Christian context. Similarly, Bacchus' infamous attribute—grapes—litter the exterior of the coffin in a cornucopia of vines, ivy leaves, and thick colorless grapes. Small carved reliefs were also found on sarcophagi like the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. It is likely that the inclusion of this scene in the context of the rest of the sarcophagus had another meaning as well. The city … In the Junius Bassus relief, Caelus’s position under Christ’s feet signifies that Christ is the ruler of heaven. (Steven Zucker/ CC BY NC SA 2.0 ). In paintings, Peter has white hair and Paul’s hair is black. For example the image of Adam and Eve shown covering their nudity after the Fall was intended to refer to the doctrine of Original Sin that necessitated Christ’s entry into the world to redeem humanity through His death and resurrection. The picture called out as "showing Jesus’ entry into Jerusalem" is in fact showing his passage through Jericho on the way to Jerusalem for that is Zacchaeus, the tax collector, in the tree. A comparable figure appears at the top of the cuirass of the Augustus of Primaporta. We can determine some intentionality in the inclusion of the Old and New Testament scenes. Cremation was the predominant means of disposing of remains in the Roman Republic. (Steven Zucker/ CC BY NC SA 2.0 ). Salvation is a message in the relief of Abraham’s sacrifice of Isaac on the left hand side of the upper register. The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is a marble Early Christian sarcophagus used for the burial of Junius Bassus, who died in 359. In a similar way, the representation of the figures in togas was intentional. Here the emperor is shown seated on the sella curulis dispensing justice to a barbarian figure. The Jesus Mysteries: Was the "Original Jesus" a Pagan God? It was originally placed near the tomb of St Peter and discovered in 1597. Works like this were appealing to patrons like Junius Bassus who were a part of the upper level of Roman society. THE SARCOPHAGUS of Junius Bassus is perhaps most noted for its style rather than its iconography, although the two are intricately connected. When Junius Bassus died at the age of 42 in the year 359, a sarcophagus was made for him. Doig, Allan. 1 The son of a consul, Junius followed in his father's footsteps and became prefect of Rome -the highest available position next to emperor. Isaac is thus saved. (Harmony Books, New York, 2001. When Junius Bassus died at the age of 42 in the year 359, a sarcophagus was made for him. The figure can be identified as the figure of Caelus, or the heavens. This choice of a style that alludes to classical art was undoubtedly intentional. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. The double registers and intercolumniations create niches for ten individual figurative reliefs, which combine in a complex iconographic programme that uses both Old and New Testament stories. ‘Bacchus’ by Caravaggio. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there exists countless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts that have yet to be discovered and explained. Stor. In both its style and iconography, the Junius Bassus Sarcophagus witnesses the adoption of the tradition of Greek and Roman art by Christian artists. (Treasury of Saint Peter's Basilica) Please note that due to photography restrictions, the images used in the video above show the plaster cast on display in the Vatican Museum. Christ as the Good Shepherd. The sarcophagus of Junius Bassus ( Figure 1) is a prominent example of early Christian art. Carved for a Roman city prefect who was a newly baptized Christian at his death, the sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is not only a magnificent example of “the fine style” of mid-fourth-century sculpture but also a treasury of early Christian iconography clearly indicating the Christianization of Rome — and the Romanization of Christianity. Not only was it among the earliest visuals of Jesus of Nazareth in the newly Christian world, but it is also special because it provides Christian scenes on a coffin. (Steven Zucker/ CC BY NC SA 2.0 ). The sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is one of the earliest marble relief sarcophagi to have survived with overtly Christian themes. This moment symbolizes Jesus of Nazareth's return to Jerusalem, just as Bacchus triumphantly returned to Rome (or Greece) from his eastern adventures. In the late 1890s, as America was developing into an industrial heavyweight, its scientists and explorers were rediscovering Earth’s ancient past and charting forgotten civilizations around our planet. The scene of Daniel in the lion’s den to the right of the Entry into Jerusalem had been popular in earlier Christian art as another example of how salvation is achieved through faith in God. Histories: trans. Before Emperor Constantine’s acceptance, Christianity had a marginal status in the Roman world. Inscription (on upper edge): IUN•BASSUS•V•C•QUI VIXIT ANNIS•XLII MEN•II•IN IPSA PRAEFECTURA URBI NEOFITUS IIT AD DEUM•VII•KAL•SEPT•EUSEBIO ET YPATIO COSS. Before Emperor Constantine's acceptance, Christianity had a marginal status in the Roman world. Life in Ancient Rome People and Places  (Hermes House: London, 2006. Rather than hiding the similarities of these two faiths, Bassus chose to illustrate them, allowing for further understanding of this new religious cult. Here, this once pagan moment is made definitively Christian. Jesus transforms water into wine. ), Detail of Jesus  on Junius Bassus’ sarcophagus. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus - Cast in Rome Iunius Bassus signo Theotecnius (June 317 – 25 August 359) was an ancient Roman politician. The use of a sarcophagus as an early medium for Christian visuals would therefore still speak to both religious sects, though with the former quite obviously on the way out the door. By the middle of the fourth century Christianity had undergone a dramatic transformation. Adam and Eve on  Junius Bassus’ sarcophagus. Such an individual was Junius Bassus. As mentioned in a  previous article , the attributes of the Greco-Roman god of wine, transformation and ecstasy—called Dionysus or Bacchus—were borrowed from in the early days of Christian worship in and around the city of Rome. 150,000-Year-Old Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: Out of Place in Time? the sarcophagus of junius bassus in a sentence - Use "the sarcophagus of junius bassus" in a sentence 1. The son of the praetorian prefect Junius Annius Bassus, he was vir clarissimus and vicarius of Rome as well as praefectus urbi from 25 March to 25 August 359. By the middle of the fourth century, Christia… Figure 6. This sarcophagus thus becomes the bridge between these two religions in many ways, blatantly highlighting their similarities in a time when the faiths were both known. Ashes contained in cinerary urns and other monumental vessels were placed in tombs. The style and iconography of this sarcophagus reflect the early stages of development of Christian art, with interplay of pagan and Christian imagery. Marble, Treasury, St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City. The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is a marble Early Christian sarcophagus used for the burial of Junius Bassus, who died in 359. The inclusion of the suffering of Job on the left hand side of the lower register conveyed the meaning how even the righteous must suffer the discomforts and pains of this life. This is a topic seen many times before and its relevance continues here. The coffin depicts scenes from both the Old and New Testaments, furthering the new emphasis on Christianity. Figure 6. Detail of ‘The Marriage at Cana’ by Marten de Vos, c. 1596 ( Public Domain ). The Traditio Legis (“Giving of the Law”) was a formula in Roman art to give visual testament to the emperor as the sole source of the law. Before Emperor Constantine’s acceptance, Christianity had a marginal status in the Roman world. One would only know of the pagan influences if one was familiar with symbols of Bacchus' worship—grapes/wine, youthful yet a sage, bearded appearance, an entourage of faithful followers and, of course, a wise older figure always by his side. This image was also based on a formula derived from Roman imperial art. Livius, Titus. The Copper Age, brought about by the discovery of copper, paved the way for vast social developments, new economies and warrior cultures. Figure 10.8. In the context of the Augustan statue, the figure of Caelus signifies Roman authority and its rule of everything earthly, that is, under the heavens. 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Speakers: Dr. Beth Harris and Dr. Steven Zucker, Church of St. Peter and the Church of St. Paul Outside the Walls, https://web.archive.org/web/20130425082655/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/sarcophagus-of-junius-bassus.html, CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1057_-_Roma,_Museo_d._civilt%C3%A0_Romana_-_Calco_sarcofago_Giunio_Basso_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_12-Apr-2008.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_his_clemence_to_barbarii.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1056_-_Roma,_Museo_d._civilt%C3%A0_Romana_-_Calco_sarcofago_Giunio_Basso_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_12-Apr-2008.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1060_-_Roma,_Museo_d._civilt%C3%A0_Romana_-_Calco_sarcofago_Giunio_Basso_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_12-Apr-2008.jpg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_sarcifice_Pio_Christiano_Inv31648.jpg. Already at this early period, artists had articulated identifiable formulas for representing Sts. Thus, the sarcophagus—in both imagery and shape—was meant to represent not only Bassus' transition to the Christian faith but the empire's as well. Imagine if, many millions of years ago, dinosaurs drove cars through cities of mile-high buildings. Peter and Paul. Our open community is dedicated to digging into the origins of our species on planet earth, and question wherever the discoveries might take us. He was a member of a senatorial family. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus. The  Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus  (c. 359 AD), is one of the earliest instances in which Christian images and narratives are definitively depicted  without obvious reference to Bacchus. Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 359 C.E. The Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (ca. A preposterous idea, right? Job is saved only by his unbroken faith in God. 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